{"id":4316,"date":"2020-10-30T21:12:51","date_gmt":"2020-10-30T20:12:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/webhosting.de\/?p=4316"},"modified":"2020-10-30T21:12:51","modified_gmt":"2020-10-30T20:12:51","slug":"ssltls","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/webhosting.de\/da\/ssltls\/","title":{"rendered":"SSL\/TLS"},"content":{"rendered":"

SSL (Secure Socket Layer) er specifikationen af en teknologi, som anvendes til overf\u00f8rsel af Data<\/a> er sikret p\u00e5 internettet. De data, der skal overf\u00f8res, er krypteret p\u00e5 grundlag af HTTPS-protokollen og dermed beskyttet mod spionage fra tredjeparter. Krypteringen suppleres af et krav om autentificering af kommunikationsdeltagerne. Udtrykket SSL er nu blevet erstattet af TLS (Transport Layer Security). Kun navnet er \u00e6ndret. Den underliggende teknologi er den samme, og nogle softwarepakker og biblioteker har stadig SSL i deres navne af historiske \u00e5rsager, selv om de er baseret p\u00e5 TLS, som siden er blevet videreudviklet.<\/p>\n

Fra SSL til TLS - ligheder og forskelle<\/h3>\n

Teknologien, som er blevet implementeret mange gange og generelt er kendt under forkortelsen SSL, anvendes og udvikles fortsat i dag under navnet TLS. Teknologiens grundl\u00e6ggende begreber har ikke \u00e6ndret sig. Det er stadig brugen af HTTPS som en hybrid krypteringsprotokol, hvis sidste version som SSL-protokol var vers. 3.0. Den blev efterf\u00f8lgende videreudviklet og standardiseret som TLS-protokollen fra vers. 1.0. I almindelig sprogbrug bruges de to udtryk ofte i fl\u00e6ng, men versnummeret b\u00f8r dog bem\u00e6rkes. SSL 1.0 svarer f.eks. ikke til TSL 1.0. I denne pr\u00e6sentation anvendes forkortelsen SSL, fordi den er mere kendt, og fordi det stadig er almindeligt at tale om SSL, selv n\u00e5r der henvises til TLS-teknologi. Der pr\u00e6senteres de grundl\u00e6ggende begreber, som er identiske for b\u00e5de SSL og TSL. Til specifikke anvendelser findes der dog forskellige implementeringer med forskellige navne, f.eks. OpenSSL, GnuTLS og LibreSSL.<\/p>\n

Kryptografi og identitetsbekr\u00e6ftelse - SSL-princippet<\/h3>\n

Det funktionelle princip for Secure Socket Layer eller Transport Layer Security er todelt. Ud over kryptering af data er den ogs\u00e5 baseret p\u00e5 brug af autentificering. Brugen af SSL er meget udbredt og anvendes ofte til sikker hentning af fortrolige data fra og sikker overf\u00f8rsel af fortrolige data til en HTTP-server (webserver). Den opkaldte servers \u00e6gthed verificeres ved hj\u00e6lp af en Certifikat<\/a> garanteret, og forbindelsen mellem server og klient er krypteret. Da SSL er ekstremt popul\u00e6rt i dag, er det n\u00e6sten blevet en standard for tilf\u00f8jelse til applikationsprotokoller, som ikke alene kan skabe en sikker forbindelse via kryptering.<\/p>\n

\"SSL-certifikater\"<\/a>Certificering og autentificering<\/h3>\n

Certificering og autentificering, f\u00f8r du starter en datatransmission via en SSL-forbindelse, er opdelt i f\u00f8lgende behandlingstrin:<\/p>\n

- Certificering af den offentlige n\u00f8gle finder sted, n\u00e5r
\nServeren modtager certificering fra et certificerings- og valideringsorgan efter anmodning.<\/p>\n

- Godkendelse af serveren
\nForbindelsen mellem klient og server etableres ved hj\u00e6lp af en SSL-foresp\u00f8rgsel fra klienten, og serveren autentificerer sig selv med sit certifikat.<\/p>\n

- Validering af det fremsendte certifikat
\nKlienten f\u00e5r det certifikat, som den har modtaget fra serveren, kontrolleret af certificerings- og valideringsmyndigheden.<\/p>\n

- krypteret dataoverf\u00f8rsel
\nHvis serverens identitet kan identificeres uden tvivl p\u00e5 grundlag af det validerede certifikat, begynder transmissionen af de krypterede data.<\/p>\n

forvr\u00e6ngning og oph\u00e6velse af forvr\u00e6ngning<\/h3>\n

Kernen i kryptering og dekryptering i SSL-protokollen er et digitalt n\u00f8glepar best\u00e5ende af en offentlig n\u00f8gle og en privat n\u00f8gle. Begge n\u00f8gler er forskellige. Afsenderen (klienten) modtager den offentlige n\u00f8gle fra modtageren (serveren), efter at modtageren har autentificeret sig selv med sit certifikat. Denne procedure kaldes \"asymmetrisk kryptering\" eller \"offentlig n\u00f8gleprocedure\". Afsenderen bruger derefter den offentlige n\u00f8gle til at kryptere de data, som sendes til modtageren. Efter kryptering kan dataene ikke l\u00e6ngere dekrypteres med den offentlige n\u00f8gle, men kun med den tilsvarende private n\u00f8gle fra serveren, som derfor under alle omst\u00e6ndigheder skal holde den hemmelig.<\/p>\n

Certifikater<\/h3>\n

B\u00e5de SSL og TLS arbejder med s\u00e5kaldte PKIX-certifikater, som betyder \"Public Key Infrastructure i henhold til X.509v3\". Der findes tre certifikattyper, for hvilke verificeringsindsatsen under certificeringen er forskellig, og der garanteres s\u00e5ledes et forskelligt niveau af autenticitet:<\/p>\n

- Det dom\u00e6nevaliderede certifikat (DV-SSL) er det billigste certifikat. Dom\u00e6net er kun valideret af E-mail<\/a> valideres, og certifikatet udstedes normalt efter blot f\u00e5 minutter.<\/p>\n

- Organisationsvalideringscertifikatet (OV-SSL) \u00f8ger dom\u00e6nets trov\u00e6rdighed ved at verificere organisationen\/operat\u00f8ren fuldt ud.<\/p>\n

- Det udvidede valideringscertifikat (EV-SSL) er baseret p\u00e5 det h\u00f8jeste valideringsniveau og er almindeligt anvendt i bl.a. banksektoren.<\/p>\n

Begr\u00e6nsningerne ved SSL\/TLS<\/h3>\n

SSL-protokollen sikrer kun overf\u00f8rslen af dataene. Hvad der s\u00e5 sker hos modtageren, er uden for det, som SSL-protokollen regulerer.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

SSL (Secure Socket Layer) ist die Spezifikation einer Technologie, durch deren Anwendung der Transfer von Daten im Internet abgesichert erfolgt. Die zu \u00fcbertragenen Daten werden dabei auf der Basis des HTTPS Protokolls verschl\u00fcsselt und somit gegen Aussp\u00e4hen durch Dritte gesch\u00fctzt. Erg\u00e4nzt wird die Verschl\u00fcsselung noch durch den Zwang zur Authentifizierung der Kommunikationsteilnehmer. Die Bezeichnung SSL 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