{"id":4310,"date":"2020-10-30T23:26:56","date_gmt":"2020-10-30T22:26:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/webhosting.de\/?p=4310"},"modified":"2020-10-30T23:26:56","modified_gmt":"2020-10-30T22:26:56","slug":"javascript","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/webhosting.de\/fr\/javascript\/","title":{"rendered":"JavaScript"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>JavaScript est l'un des trois grands de l'h\u00e9bergement web : En outre <a href=\"https:\/\/webhosting.de\/fr\/html-hypertext-markup-language\/\">HTML<\/a> (structure de la page) et CSS (pr\u00e9sentation), le langage de programmation orient\u00e9 objet permet de dynamiser le contenu. Mais JavaScript n'est pas seulement applicable dans le contexte de la conception des pages. Les applications c\u00f4t\u00e9 serveur peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9es avec JavaScript.<\/p>\n<h2>Origines de JavaScript<\/h2>\n<p>Malgr\u00e9 son nom, JavaScript n'a pas grand chose \u00e0 voir avec Java. \u00c0 l'origine, le langage de script devait s'appeler LiveScript et a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par Netscape pour l'interaction du Netscape Navigator avec les applets Java (applications clientes Java). En tant que v\u00e9ritable logiciel propri\u00e9taire, JavaScript repr\u00e9sentait un facteur de comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 pour des entreprises comme <a href=\"https:\/\/webhosting.de\/fr\/emails-microsoft-werden-abgewiesen\/\">Microsoft<\/a> dar. Ceux-ci ont r\u00e9pondu au d\u00e9veloppement de JavaScript avec leurs propres solutions telles que le langage de script JScript. Au fil du temps, cependant, JavaScript est devenu le principal langage de script pour les applications c\u00f4t\u00e9 client et (outre <a href=\"https:\/\/webhosting.de\/fr\/php\/\">php<\/a>) dynamisation c\u00f4t\u00e9 serveur.<\/p>\n<h3>Dynamisation c\u00f4t\u00e9 client<\/h3>\n<p>La fonction la plus utilis\u00e9e de JavaScript est probablement la possibilit\u00e9 de dynamisation c\u00f4t\u00e9 client. Le client est le navigateur web. La dynamisation c\u00f4t\u00e9 client signifie que les contenus affich\u00e9s dans le client sont manipul\u00e9s. Le HTML est la description statique de la structure d'une pr\u00e9sence sur le Web, appel\u00e9e Document Object Model (DOM). Alors que le CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) est utilis\u00e9 pour la conception s\u00e9par\u00e9e de ce \"squelette\", le JavaScript offre la possibilit\u00e9 de d\u00e9placer, de supprimer ou d'ajouter des \u00e9l\u00e9ments HTML.<\/p>\n<p>Cette manipulation DOM (DOM scripting) peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons. Les fonctions sont d'abord li\u00e9es \u00e0 certains \u00e9v\u00e9nements par l'interm\u00e9diaire de ce qu'on appelle des gestionnaires d'\u00e9v\u00e9nements. Il peut s'agir de clics de l'utilisateur, de points dans le temps ou du chargement du site web. En utilisant les ID attribu\u00e9s aux \u00e9l\u00e9ments en HTML, les changements bas\u00e9s sur des \u00e9v\u00e9nements peuvent ensuite \u00eatre d\u00e9clench\u00e9s. Cela peut aller de la programmation de formes simples et dynamiques ou de filtres de tableau \u00e0 l'int\u00e9gration de lecteurs vid\u00e9o ou de graphiques dynamiques complexes.<\/p>\n<h3>JQuery : Le JavaScript le plus simple<\/h3>\n<p>JavaScript est un exemple de langage de programmation orient\u00e9 objet. Ainsi, le seuil d'entr\u00e9e pour les concepteurs de sites web inexp\u00e9riment\u00e9s est relativement \u00e9lev\u00e9. Sans restreindre (beaucoup) les fonctionnalit\u00e9s de JavaScript, la biblioth\u00e8que JQuery offre une syntaxe simplifi\u00e9e qui permet de cr\u00e9er rapidement et facilement les cas d'utilisation les plus courants. Alors que JavaScript offre une complexit\u00e9 et une \u00e9volutivit\u00e9 similaires \u00e0 celles de Java ou de Python en d\u00e9finissant des prototypes (au lieu de classes), des instances (objets concrets) et des m\u00e9thodes (fonctions li\u00e9es aux objets), JQuery limite le vocabulaire et les structures. Les commandes ont une structure embo\u00eetable, de sorte que la structure peut \u00eatre comprise assez rapidement. Par cons\u00e9quent, \u00e0 moins que vous n'ayez affaire \u00e0 des applications complexes et inhabituelles, il existe tr\u00e8s probablement une solution simple dans JQuery.<\/p>\n<h3>Dynamisation c\u00f4t\u00e9 serveur : AJAX et Node.js<\/h3>\n<p>Outre la manipulation du DOM, JavaScript est \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9 pour la communication avec les serveurs, par exemple pour les interrogations de bases de donn\u00e9es. Depuis 2009, il existe node.js, un cadre pour la dynamisation c\u00f4t\u00e9 serveur avec JavaScript. Cela \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 possible avant 2009, mais node.js permet une int\u00e9gration plus facile. C'est un avantage pour les programmeurs JavaScript, car ils n'ont alors plus besoin d'utiliser d'autres langages comme le php. En outre, le node.js permet \u00e9galement la parall\u00e9lisation des processus. C'est un avantage, car un trop grand nombre de ces soi-disant fils peut conduire \u00e0 un blocage. Avec node.js, les requ\u00eates passent par un seul fil, ce qui peut augmenter consid\u00e9rablement les performances.<\/p>\n<p>Node.js est un exemple pour les possibilit\u00e9s d'AJAX. L'acronyme d\u00e9signe une proc\u00e9dure appel\u00e9e Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. Ce principe permet de r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer des contenus sur des serveurs sans avoir \u00e0 recharger la page enti\u00e8re. Pour de nombreux sites web comme YouTube, un rechargement complet apr\u00e8s une demande de vid\u00e9o ou le chargement de commentaires serait un gros inconv\u00e9nient. AJAX est \u00e9galement une solution au probl\u00e8me de l'accumulation des demandes gr\u00e2ce au traitement asynchrone comme expliqu\u00e9 ci-dessus pour Node.js.<\/p>\n<h3>Int\u00e9gration de JavaScript<\/h3>\n<p>L'int\u00e9gration de base de JavaScript dans les offres web fonctionne exactement de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re que la connexion avec les fichiers CSS. Il y a donc deux possibilit\u00e9s pour cela : D'une part, le JavaScript peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 dans l'en-t\u00eate ou dans le corps du document HTML.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>JavaScript geh\u00f6rt zu den gro\u00dfen drei des Webhostings: Neben HTML (Seitenstruktur) und CSS (Darstellung) bietet die objektorientierte Programmiersprache Dynamisierung von Inhalten. Aber JavaScript ist nicht nur im Kontext der Seitengestaltung einsetzbar. Auch serverseitige Anwendungen k\u00f6nnen mit JavaScript kontrolliert werden. Urspr\u00fcnge von JavaScript Trotz des Namens hat JavaScript nur wenig mit Java zu tun. Urspr\u00fcnglich sollte 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