{"id":4316,"date":"2020-10-30T21:12:51","date_gmt":"2020-10-30T20:12:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/webhosting.de\/?p=4316"},"modified":"2020-10-30T21:12:51","modified_gmt":"2020-10-30T20:12:51","slug":"ssltls","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/webhosting.de\/sv\/ssltls\/","title":{"rendered":"SSL\/TLS"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>SSL (Secure Socket Layer) \u00e4r en specifikation av en teknik som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r att \u00f6verf\u00f6ra <a href=\"https:\/\/webhosting.de\/sv\/personenbezogene-daten-sozialen-netzwerken\/\">Uppgifter<\/a> \u00e4r s\u00e4krad p\u00e5 Internet. De uppgifter som ska \u00f6verf\u00f6ras krypteras med hj\u00e4lp av HTTPS-protokollet och skyddas d\u00e4rmed mot spionage av tredje part. Krypteringen kompletteras av kravet p\u00e5 autentisering av kommunikationsdeltagarna. Termen SSL har nu ersatts av TLS (Transport Layer Security). Det \u00e4r bara namnet som har \u00e4ndrats. Den underliggande tekniken har f\u00f6rblivit densamma och vissa programpaket och bibliotek har fortfarande SSL i sitt namn av historiska sk\u00e4l, \u00e4ven om de \u00e4r baserade p\u00e5 TLS, som sedan dess har vidareutvecklats.<\/p>\n<h3>Fr\u00e5n SSL till TLS - likheter och skillnader<\/h3>\n<p>Tekniken, som har inf\u00f6rts m\u00e5nga g\u00e5nger och \u00e4r allm\u00e4nt k\u00e4nd under f\u00f6rkortningen SSL, forts\u00e4tter att anv\u00e4ndas och utvecklas i dag under namnet TLS. Teknikens grundkoncept har inte f\u00f6r\u00e4ndrats. Det \u00e4r fortfarande HTTPS som anv\u00e4nds som ett hybridkrypteringsprotokoll, vars senaste version som SSL-protokoll var vers. 3.0. Det utvecklades senare vidare och standardiserades som TLS-protokollet, med b\u00f6rjan i vers. 1.0. I vanligt spr\u00e5kbruk anv\u00e4nds de tv\u00e5 termerna ofta synonymt, \u00e4ven om versnumret b\u00f6r noteras. SSL 1.0 motsvarar till exempel inte TSL 1.0. I den h\u00e4r presentationen anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6rkortningen SSL eftersom den \u00e4r mer k\u00e4nd och det fortfarande \u00e4r vanligt att tala om SSL, \u00e4ven n\u00e4r man h\u00e4nvisar till TLS-teknik. De grundl\u00e4ggande begreppen presenteras, som \u00e4r identiska f\u00f6r b\u00e5de SSL och TSL. F\u00f6r specifika anv\u00e4ndningsomr\u00e5den finns det dock olika implementeringar med olika namn, t.ex. OpenSSL, GnuTLS och LibreSSL.<\/p>\n<h3>Kryptografi och identitetskontroll - SSL:s funktionsprincip<\/h3>\n<p>Funktionsprincipen f\u00f6r Secure Socket Layer eller Transport Layer Security \u00e4r tv\u00e5delad. F\u00f6rutom kryptering av data bygger det ocks\u00e5 p\u00e5 autentisering. Anv\u00e4ndningen av SSL \u00e4r utbredd och anv\u00e4nds ofta f\u00f6r s\u00e4ker h\u00e4mtning av konfidentiella uppgifter fr\u00e5n och s\u00e4ker \u00f6verf\u00f6ring av konfidentiella uppgifter till en HTTP-server (webbserver). Den uppringda serverns \u00e4kthet verifieras av en <a href=\"https:\/\/webhosting.de\/sv\/plesk-letsencrypt-zertifikat-erstellen\/\">Certifikat<\/a> garanteras och anslutningen mellan server och klient \u00e4r krypterad. Eftersom SSL \u00e4r mycket popul\u00e4rt idag har det n\u00e4stan blivit en standard f\u00f6r till\u00e4gg till till\u00e4mpningsprotokoll som inte ensamma kan skapa en s\u00e4ker anslutning genom kryptering.<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/webhosting.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/plesk_icons_ssl-tls-zertifikate.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2179 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/webhosting.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/plesk_icons_ssl-tls-zertifikate.png\" alt=\"SSL-certifikat\" width=\"203\" height=\"46\" \/><\/a>Certifiering och autentisering<\/h3>\n<p>Certifiering och autentisering innan en data\u00f6verf\u00f6ring via en SSL-anslutning p\u00e5b\u00f6rjas delas in i f\u00f6ljande steg:<\/p>\n<p>- Certifiering av den offentliga nyckeln sker n\u00e4r<br \/>\nServern f\u00e5r p\u00e5 beg\u00e4ran en certifiering fr\u00e5n ett certifierings- och valideringsorgan.<\/p>\n<p>- Autentisering av servern<br \/>\nAnslutningen mellan klient och server uppr\u00e4ttas genom en SSL-f\u00f6rfr\u00e5gan fr\u00e5n klienten och servern autentiserar sig med sitt certifikat.<\/p>\n<p>- Validering av det \u00f6verf\u00f6rda certifikatet<br \/>\nKlienten l\u00e5ter certifikatet fr\u00e5n servern kontrolleras av certifierings- och valideringsmyndigheten.<\/p>\n<p>- Krypterad data\u00f6verf\u00f6ring.<br \/>\nOm serverns identitet kan identifieras utan tvivel p\u00e5 grundval av det validerade certifikatet, b\u00f6rjar \u00f6verf\u00f6ringen av de krypterade uppgifterna.<\/p>\n<h3>F\u00f6rvr\u00e4nga och avf\u00f6rvr\u00e4nga.<\/h3>\n<p>K\u00e4rnan i SSL-protokollets kryptering och dekryptering \u00e4r ett digitalt nyckelpar som best\u00e5r av en offentlig nyckel och en privat nyckel. B\u00e5da nycklarna \u00e4r olika. Avs\u00e4ndaren (klienten) f\u00e5r den offentliga nyckeln fr\u00e5n mottagaren (servern) efter att mottagaren har autentiserat sig med sitt certifikat. F\u00f6rfarandet kallas \"asymmetrisk kryptering\" eller \"f\u00f6rfarande med offentlig nyckel\". Avs\u00e4ndaren anv\u00e4nder sedan den offentliga nyckeln f\u00f6r att kryptera de data som skickas till mottagaren. Efter kryptering kan uppgifterna inte l\u00e4ngre dekrypteras med den offentliga nyckeln, utan endast med serverns motsvarande privata nyckel, som d\u00e4rf\u00f6r m\u00e5ste h\u00e5llas hemlig i vilket fall som helst.<\/p>\n<h3>Certifikaten<\/h3>\n<p>B\u00e5de SSL och TLS arbetar med s\u00e5 kallade PKIX-certifikat, vilket betyder \"Public Key Infrastructure enligt X.509v3\". Det finns tre typer av certifikat, f\u00f6r vilka verifieringsarbetet under certifieringen \u00e4r olika och d\u00e4rmed garanteras olika niv\u00e5er av \u00e4kthet:<\/p>\n<p>- Dom\u00e4nvaliderade certifikat (DV-SSL) \u00e4r det billigaste certifikatet. Dom\u00e4nen valideras endast av <a href=\"https:\/\/webhosting.de\/sv\/e-mail-von-webhosting-account-trennen\/\">E-post<\/a> valideras och certifikatet utf\u00e4rdas vanligtvis efter bara n\u00e5gra minuter.<\/p>\n<p>- Organisationsvalideringscertifikatet (OV-SSL) \u00f6kar dom\u00e4nens p\u00e5litlighet genom att organisationen\/operat\u00f6ren verifieras fullst\u00e4ndigt.<\/p>\n<p>- Extended Validation Certificate (EV-SSL) bygger p\u00e5 den h\u00f6gsta valideringsniv\u00e5n och \u00e4r vanligt f\u00f6rekommande inom bland annat banksektorn.<\/p>\n<h3>Begr\u00e4nsningarna med SSL\/TLS<\/h3>\n<p>SSL-protokollet s\u00e4krar endast \u00f6verf\u00f6ringen av data. Vad som sedan h\u00e4nder hos mottagaren \u00e4r utanf\u00f6r det som SSL-protokollet reglerar.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SSL (Secure Socket Layer) ist die Spezifikation einer Technologie, durch deren Anwendung der Transfer von Daten im Internet abgesichert erfolgt. Die zu \u00fcbertragenen Daten werden dabei auf der Basis des HTTPS Protokolls verschl\u00fcsselt und somit gegen Aussp\u00e4hen durch Dritte gesch\u00fctzt. Erg\u00e4nzt wird die Verschl\u00fcsselung noch durch den Zwang zur Authentifizierung der Kommunikationsteilnehmer. Die Bezeichnung SSL 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